原文：
                1、国内外钢制楔式闸阀标准的概况 在各种管道和设备等流体输送系统中，闸阀是目前应用最为广泛的阀门品种之一。闸阀的主要特点是：（1）流通阻力小；（2）开关所需力矩小；(3)介质流动的方向不受限制；(4)阀门全开时，关闭件受冲蚀小；（5）形体简单结构紧凑；（6）制作工艺性好。目前广泛地应用在石油、化工、冶金、电站、医药、食品等工业装置上。随着国际间经济和技术交往的日益增加，阀门这一重要的工业配套管路附件在国际市场上流通也迅速增加，各国的阀门标准是不同的，阀门的结果长度和连接法兰标准也各不相同，这给国际间阀门流通使用带来很大不便。

       目前，世界上各工业先进国家对于阀门的设计、制造、检验均制订各自的国家标准，阀门标准采用的计 量单位主要有公制和英制两大系统。中国GB、德国DIN、法国NF、前苏联等国的阀门标准均采用公制；美国ANSI、API标准过去一直采用英制，现在也增添了公制附表。各国标准中选用闸阀的压力--温度额定值基准是不统一的。采用公制的国家，通常把常温下最大工作压力规定为公称压力，如GB标准规定：碳钢WCB阀门的公称压力PN 10MPa表示常温时的最大工作压力，当温度升高到425℃时它的最大工作压力仅为5.3MPa；而美国等采用英制的国家，则按不同的材料规定在某一指定温度下的工作压力位公称压力。以美国国家标准ANSI A216 WCB材料的150磅级碳钢闸阀为例：使用温度约560℉时，它的许用工作压力为150psi(lbf/in2),当阀门的最高使用温度规定为800℉时，其相应的许用工作压力为80psi(lbf/in2)。阀门计量制压力基准以及阀门其它技术参数的不统一，严重阻碍了阀门产品的交流和使用，国际标准化问题则突显出来。

           关于阀门的国际标准化问题，1971年9月在日内瓦召开第二十五次理事会议上，决定成立通用阀门工业用阀门技术委员会TC153《阀门》，电动蝶阀秘书国是英国标准学会。TC153成立以来，活动频繁，每年召开多次会议讨论和制订有关的国际标准，ISO/TC153在通用阀门基本尺寸、压力、温度等级、材料试验和名称术语等方面都进行了大量的国际标准化统一工作，它所制订的阀门基础标准，普遍适用发达国家及发展中国家的阀门工业，如ISO的一些标准：一般工业用阀门标记；一般工业用阀门术语；

        金属阀门结构长度；阀体阀盖用螺栓连接的钢制闸阀；阀门材料、检验和压力试验等等。目前这些国际标准大多已被各国不同程度的采用，多数是修改采用（等效采用），也有些是等同采用和非等效采用（参照）。ISO国际标准标准化组织在协调各国阀门标准方面做了多方面的努力，ISO国际标准即考虑到发展中国家的现有阀门工业水平，又注意吸收发达国家标准中的先进技术，尽量协调统一，使ISO标准广泛用于世界各国。 采用国际标准是我国的一项重要技术政策，随着我国阀门标准化工作的加强，阀门标准得以快速发展，通过积极参加阀门行业国际活动，使我国能及时了解阀门国际标准制修订动态，跟踪国际标准情况，实时制定、修订我国的标准，电动控制阀紧跟国际形势。同时让国外同行了解中国的阀门，为让中国阀门企业更快地走进国际市场创造条件。

        通过对国外有关钢制闸阀的主要标准和我国标准进行对比分析，试从闸阀的壳体部分、密封部分、阀杆部分、检验试验等几个主要方面，找出国内外标准存在的差异，为阀门设计制造者提供参考。 2、壳体部分国内外标准的对比 通用的钢制闸阀的壳体壁厚，国内外标准基本上采用按有修正系数的薄壁圆筒壁厚公式进行计算，ISO、ANSI、JIS等标准基本上采用下列公式： t= 1.5 〔p.d2s-1.2p 〕其中：t-- 计算厚度（英寸） p --压力等级数值 （lbf/in2） d-- 公称管径（英寸） s—基本应力系数（材料许用应力）这一计算公式，接近于我国中压阀门三化标准所采用的壁厚公式： S= 1.32p.DN2〔σ〕-1.2p +c 美国石油学会API标准，日本石油学会JPI标准的阀门考虑到用于石油、石化的特殊工况的需要，壁厚值较一般工业用途阀门所定的数值增大，以6〝-300Lb铸钢闸阀为例，相应的ANSI以及ISO标准所要求的最小壁厚分别为9.6㎜和8.8㎜；而API、JPI、BS标准所要求的最小壁厚值分别为16㎜、16㎜和15.9㎜。

      闸阀结构长度各国有不同的标准，目前由ISO标准统一为长短两个系列尺寸，同时ISO、ANSI、API及BS标准规定：端法兰可以与阀体铸锻一体，也可以采用焊接连接。 目前，壳体材料各国阀门标准都有专门的壳体材料表， 标准中对材料都规定了含碳量的最大值，例如WCB钢的含碳量标准规定 C≤0.3％，但API、JPI、BS进一步考虑闸阀使用于石油、化工等含硫量高的介质等特殊工况，参照NACE MR0175 油田设备抗硫应力断裂金属材料要求，选用壳体材料含碳量C≤0.25％，硬度HRC﹤22，日本的JPI标准对壳体材料，除了要求含碳量C﹤0.25％外，还规定了其它元素的含量。

         关于阀盖上密封结构API、JPI、BS及我国新标准中都强调了阀盖上必须有上密封结构，当阀门全开时阀杆的倒密封面接触，API、JPI、BS等标准的上密封一般采用不锈钢衬套式，但必须固定在阀盖上，工作时不能松动，只有奥氏体不锈钢阀门上密封才允许本体加工或堆焊硬质合金密封面。 阀体与阀盖连接的中法兰螺拴，早期国内标准通用铸钢闸阀的中法兰螺拴与螺母多采用优质碳钢，而美、英、日等先进工业国家中法兰双头螺栓是采用合金钢35CrMo,螺母采用优质碳钢，中法兰螺栓采用合金钢材料，能提高材料的抗蠕变强度，避免因高温蠕变导致螺栓变形而产生泄漏或发生事故。这样，即使在较高的使用温度工况下，电动球阀反复使用仍可以保持稳定的密封性，为确保安全，API、JPI和我国新标准都强调了中法兰螺栓采用重型六角螺母，螺柱采用全螺纹的，以避免和减少热应力集中的现象。关于中法兰垫片，GB标准中根据压力范围和工作温度的不同规定了金属波形垫、平板垫、齿形垫等七种类型的垫片，美国API、英国BS及日本JPI标准都对中法兰垫片做了严格的规定要求，在工作温度下，垫片材料应具有一定的弹性和塑性以及足够的强度，并且要经得起介质的腐蚀。 3、密封件部分国内外标准对比 闸阀的密封件部分，主要是指阀座与闸板的密封面。各国标准一般都是根据阀门使用工况的不同规定了一系列可供选择的密封副，国外闸阀标准对密封面的材料和硬度有严格的要求，API600列出十四种材料，它还规定了当阀座闸板的密封面都采用Cr13材料时，其硬度值不得小于HB250，这样对提高密封面的密封性能及延长使用寿命均有好处。除了金属对金属密封副外，英国标准规定，阀座也可以采用软密封材料，但它们磨损或破坏时，金属部分的密封副仍可以保证密封作用。 我国阀门标准至2006年以前，GB 标准对阀门密封面堆焊层的厚度规定为：加工后的密封面堆焊层的厚度至少为2㎜；而API、BS标准则不分规格一律规定：加工后的密封面堆焊层厚度至少为1.6㎜，新版本的API602标准规定：加工后的密封面堆焊层厚度至少为1.0㎜，相比之下我国标准则显得保守。在不影响密封性能和密封寿命的情况下，减少密封面的堆焊层厚度，可以节省昂贵的密封面材料，目前新版的GB/T12234-2007标准已经参照采用API和BS标准的相关数据。 4、关于阀杆和阀杆密封 阀杆在阀门开启和关闭操作过程中，除了承受拉、压和扭矩的作用力外，还与介质和填料直接接触，阀杆材料必须保证在规定温度下有足够的强度和冲击韧性，并有一定的耐蚀、耐磨性能，我国早期阀门阀杆材料多采用不锈钢，且标准中没有阀杆硬度的具体要求；国际标准和国外标准API、BS、JPI等十分重视阀杆质量控制，电动闸阀明确规定阀杆材料至少采用Cr13不锈钢，并对它的硬度做了规定。国外标准和GB标准对填料区域阀杆直径给出了最小规定值，还规定阀杆应为整体锻造结构，不允许采用焊接组装的阀杆。 各国标准对于阀杆的上密封有共同的要求，规定阀杆上应设有上密封面，当阀门处于全开启状态时，它与阀盖上密封座吻合，保证密封可靠。关于阀杆头部的结构，各国标准都规定为“T”型。BS和JPI标准还补充提出，不得采用螺纹或销子的方式来连接阀杆与闸板，以避免阀杆产生转动或从闸板上脱开。为了保证操作的安全，API、BS及新GB标准规定，新阀门在关闭位置时，阀杆螺纹伸出阀杆螺母的长度至少应相当于所要求的磨损行程。对于公称管径小于或等于DN150的阀门，阀杆螺纹伸出阀杆螺母的长度最大可达磨损行程的5倍，对于公称管径大于DN150的阀门，该长度最大可以是磨损行程的3倍。 5、 关于闸阀的试验、检查和检验 国际标准化组织和世界上各工业先进的国家都制订有阀门通用的检验和试验标准，ISO5208工业用阀门试验方法、API598阀门的检验和试验、MSS钢阀门的压力试验等标准都明确规定了阀门的试验项目，同时对试验压力、试验介质、试验持续时间及允许泄漏量等都做了详细规定。 闸阀的试验主要包括壳体试验、低压密封试验、电动截止阀上密封试验和高压密封试验。美国API标准规定：闸阀的壳体强度、上密封试验和低压密封试验三项是必须的试验，而高压密封试验是任选的。日本JIS标准规定闸阀只需要进行壳体、阀座密封及上密封三项试验。我国GB标准中参照采用了API598标准的规定。 对比各国的有关闸阀的试验标准，壳体强度试验多数国家的标准规定为以1.5倍常温的额定压力值作为试验压力。各国标准所要求的试验持续时间按阀门的公称通径的大小而有所不同，但是在壳体强度试验时，一致规定任何泄漏都是不允许的。液体试验的介质一般采用常温水，GB、API、ISO等标准还强调了试验介质应含有防锈剂，同时也允许使用粘度不大于水的液体进行试验。低压密封试验一般采用空气或惰性气体，我国标准规定试验压力为0.5-0.7Mpa,上密封试验是在全开启状态下进行的，它的试验压力一般规定为1.1倍的公称压力，国内外标准均规定不允许有任何泄漏。 以上从五个方面对钢制闸阀进行了国内外标准的对比分析，工作中无论采用那个国家标准，使用者还应认真学习和查阅相关标准，了解各标准中共性的内容和特殊的规定。这样才能灵活使用标准，在设计、制造工作中充分体现标准的互换性和一致性。

“ Standards of domestic and foreign steel gate valve ”是由中国闸阀网提供的阀门行业新闻，译文仅供参考。另外，中国闸阀网还提供相关产品搜索： 平板闸阀、 弹性座封闸阀【软密封】、 不锈钢闸阀、 美标凸耳闸阀、 更多闸阀产品等。

译文：
          1, domestic and foreign steel wedge gate valve standard profile Pipelines and equipment in a variety of fluid transfer system, the valve is the most widely used variety of valves. Valve's main features are: (1) flow resistance; (2) switch the required torque is small; (3) the direction of media flow unrestricted; (4) valve fully open, close the piece by the erosion of small; (5) simple compact form; (6) The production process is good. Now widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, power station, medicine, food and other industrial equipment. With the international economic and technological exchanges increased, the valve supporting this important industrial piping accessories in the international market is also rapidly increasing circulation, national valve standards are different, the results of valve length and connection flange standards also vary, giving the international circulation valve caused much inconvenience. Currently, the world's advanced countries for various industrial valves design, manufacture, test their own national standards are developed, the valve standard unit of measurement used in metric and inch main two systems. Chinese GB, German DIN, French NF, the former Soviet Union and other countries have adopted the standard metric valve; U.S. Balance valvesANSI, API standard in the past has been using the English system, metric system is now added to the Schedule. National standards of selected valve pressure - temperature rating base is not unified. Metric of the country, usually to room temperature, the maximum working pressure requirements for the nominal pressure, such as the GB standard specifies: Carbon steel valves WCB said nominal pressure PN 10MPa at room temperature when the maximum working pressure, when the temperature rises to 425 ℃ when it Maximum working pressure is only 5.3MPa; the United States and other countries using British, according to the provisions of different materials at a specified temperature, pressure of work spaces nominal pressure. To the American National Standards ANSI A216 WCB Class 150 carbon steel material gate valve as an example: the use temperature of about 560 ℉, its allowable working pressure of 150psi (lbf/in2), when the valve's maximum temperature requirement of 800 ℉, the corresponding allowable operating pressure of 80psi (lbf/in2). Valve pressure measurement system reference, and other technical parameters of the valve is not uniform, a serious impediment to the exchange and use of valve products, international standardization is exposed. International standardization of valves, in September 1971 in Geneva the twenty-fifth meeting of directors, decided to set up common valve industrial valve Technical Committee TC153 "valve", the Secretary of State is the British Standards Institute. TC153 inception, the activities that we have held several meetings each year to discuss and formulate the relevant international standards, ISO/TC153 basic dimensions in the universal valves, pressure, temperature rating, materials testing and terminology and so did much of the international standardization of uniform work, it established the basis of the standard valve, generally applicable to developed and developing countries, industrial valves, such as the number of ISO standards: general industrial valve tags; general terms of industrial valves; metal valve structure length; valve bolted bonnet steel gate valve; valve materials, inspection and pressure test and so on. Currently most of these international standards have been adopted in varying degrees countries, mostly modified by (equivalent with), but some are tantamount to the adoption and use of non-equivalent (see). Its Standardization ISO International Organization Zai harmonization of national standards for aspects of the valve to do Le various 的 努力, ISO international standards Ji taking into account their existing valve industry level, You note that absorb Fadaguojia standards in advanced technology, as far as possible coordinated Tong Yi to ISO standards are widely used in countries around the world. Adoption of international standards is an important technology policy in China, as China's standardization work to strengthen the valve, the valve to quickly develop the standard, the valve industry through active participation in international events, so that our country can keep abreast of international standards for the valve system of modified dynamics , follow international standards in real time and to develop, revise the standards, followed by the international situation. While allowing foreign counterparts to understand China's valve, the valve business to let China into the international market more quickly create the conditions. Through the steel gate of the main foreign standards and our standards were analyzed, the shell part of the test from the valve, sealing parts, the stem part, inspection and test several key aspects, to identify differences between domestic and international standards exist, valve manufacturer for the design reference. 2 Comparison of the shell part of the domestic and international standards General steel gate valve shell wall thickness, internal and external standards are basically used by a correction factor formula to calculate thin cylinder wall thickness, ISO, ANSI, JIS and other standards are basically of the following formula: t = 1.5 〔〕 p.d2s-1.2p Where: t - calculated thickness (inches) p - pressure level value (lbf/in2) d - nominal diameter (inches) s-basic stress coefficient (material allowable stress) This formula is close to three of our standard medium pressure valve used in wall thickness formula: S = 1.32p.DN2 〔〕-1.2p + c σ American Petroleum Institute API standard, Japan Petroleum Institute JPI standard valves into account for the petroleum, petrochemical, needs special conditions, wall thickness values than the general industrial uses increase the value set by the valve to 6 "-300Lb Steel valve, for example, ANSI and ISO standards for the corresponding required minimum wall thickness of 9.6 mm and 8.8 respectively, mm; the API, JPI, BS standards required minimum wall thickness values were 16 mm, 16 mm and 15.9 mm. Valve structure length countries have different standards, the current ISO standard uniform for the duration of the two series of measurements, while ISO, ANSI, API and BS standards require that: end flange can be integrated with the valve body casting and forging, welding can also be used to connect. At present, the shell material has a specific national standard valve shell materials list, standards are set on the material the maximum carbon content, such as standard carbon steel WCB regulations C ≤ 0.3%, but the API, JPI, BS further consideration of valve used in petroleum, chemical and other high sulfur content of media and other special conditions, refer to NACE MR0175 anti-sulfur oil field equipment, stress fracture of metal material requirements, use the shell material with carbon C ≤ 0.25%, hardness HRC 22, Japan's JPI standard shell material, in addition to the carbon content requirement C <0.25%, it also provides the content of other elements. On the valve cover seal structure API, JPI, BS, and our new standards have emphasized the need to have the valve cover seal structure, when the valve fully open when the stem of the inverted seal surface contact, API, JPI, BS and other standards the general use of stainless steel bushing type seal, but must be fixed in the valve cover, the work can not be loose, only austenitic stainless steel valve sealing or surfacing only allow bulk processing hard alloy sealing surface. Body in connection with the valve Gauge Valvescover flange bolts, the early national standards in general steel gate valve flange bolts and nuts to use more high-quality carbon steel, while the United States, Britain, Japan and other advanced industrial countries flange-head Bolt is the use of alloy steel 35CrMo, nut of high quality carbon steel, alloy steel materials used in the flange bolts, can increase the creep strength of materials to avoid high temperature creep deformation of the bolt caused by leakage or accident. This, even at higher De temperature conditions, the repeated use of the seal still can maintain stability and to ensure security, API, JPI and Woguo new Biaozhun Du Jiangdiaoliaozhong heavy hex flange bolts Cai Yong Luo Mu, stud with whole thread to avoid and reduce the thermal stress concentration. Gasket on the flange, GB standard operating temperature range and under the pressure of the different provisions of metal wave pads, flat pads, gaskets and other seven types of gaskets, the United States API, BS, and standards are all in Japanese JPI flange gaskets made stringent requirements, the working temperature, the gasket material should have a certain degree of flexibility and plasticity as well as adequate strength, and to withstand the corrosive medium. 3 Comparison of sealing part of the domestic and international standards Valve seals part, refers to the sealing surface of valve seat and gate. National standards are generally used under conditions of different valve provides a series of alternative seals, valve standard on the sealing surface of foreign material and hardness, there are strict requirements, API600 lists 14 kinds of materials, it provides for the sealing surface when the seat ram Cr13 materials are used, the hardness Mud Valvesvalue not less than HB250, so to improve the sealing surface of the sealing performance and durability are good. Apart from metal to metal seal pair, the British Standard requirements, seat of soft sealing material can also be used, but they wear or damage, the metal part of the Sealing can assure sealing effect. China valve standards to 2006 years ago, GB standard on the valve sealing surface surfacing layer thickness is defined as: sealing surface after the welding process the thickness of at least 2 mm; the API, BS standards for all requirements, regardless of size : After processing, the sealing surface of surfacing thickness of at least 1.6 mm, Safety valves the new version of the API602 standard requirements: processed surfacing thickness of the sealing surface of at least 1.0 mm, compared to the standard is a conservative country. Without affecting the seal performance and seal life circumstances, to reduce the thickness of the sealing surface of the surfacing layer, can save costly sealing surface material, the current standards have been the light of the new version of GB/T12234-2007 API and BS standards with relevant data. 4, on the stem and stem seal Stem in the valve opening and closing operation, in addition withstand tension, pressure and torque forces, but also direct contact with the media and packing, stem material must ensure that the required temperature of sufficient strength and toughness, It also has the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, more than our earlier material of stainless steel valve stem, and the hardness of the standard did not stem the specific requirements; international standards and foreign standards of API, BS, JPI, etc. attached great importance to quality control of stem , defined at least by Cr13 stainless steel stem material, and the hardness of its provisions made. Foreign standard and GB standard on the packing area gives the minimum stem diameter of the specified value, Also provides that the stem structure to be forged as a whole, does not allow the valve stem assembly by welding. On national standards for the valve stem seals have common requirements to be provided on the valve stem sealing surface, when in the fully open state, it is consistent with the valve seat seal cover, to ensure reliable sealing. On the structure of the stem head, national standards are set for the "T" type. BS and JPI standards added and shall not use screw or pin means to connect the stem and the gate, in order to avoid turning the stem or from the gate on created disengagement. To ensure the safety of operation, API, BS and GB standards of the new regulations, the new valve in the closed position, the valve stem out of the stem nut thread length should be at least equal to the required travel wear. For nominal diameter less than or equal to DN150 valve stem threads are stretched out the length of the stem nut wear travel up to 5 times greater than the nominal diameter of DN150 valve, the maximum length of stroke can be worn 3 times. 5, on the gate of the test, inspection and testing International Organization for Standardization and the world, the advanced industrial countries have to formulate a universal valve Inspection and testing standards, ISO5208 test methods for industrial valve, API598 valve inspection and testing, MSS steel valve pressure testing and other standards are clearly defined valve pilot project, while the test pressure, test medium, test duration and allow leakage and so do the detailed provisions. Pilot valve includes shell test, low pressure seal test, the seal test and high pressure seal test. API standards require that the United States: strength of the shell valve, the seal test and Globe Valvesthree low-pressure seal test is to test, while the high pressure seal test is optional. Japan JIS standard specifies only need to shell valve, valve seat seal and the seal three trials. China GB standard reference used API598 standards. Comparison of national standards related to the pilot valve, shell strength test standard provisions in most countries to 1.5 times the rated pressure value at room temperature as the test pressure. National standard test duration required by the valve nominal diameter size vary, but the strength test in the shell, the agreement provides that any leaks are not allowed. Liquid test media generally use the normal temperature water, GB, API, ISO and other standards also stressed the test medium should contain rust inhibitors, but also allows the use of liquid viscosity is not greater than the water tested. Low pressure seal test commonly used air or inert gas, our standards require that test pressure 0.5-0.7Mpa, the seal test was carried out under the full open state, the general provisions of its test pressure is 1.1 times the nominal pressure, both domestic and international standards regulations do not allow any leakage. The above five aspects of the steel gate to the domestic and international standards for comparative analysis of work regardless of the national standard, users should carefully study and access to relevant standards, understand the nature of the contents of the CPC standard and special requirements. This standard can be used flexibly in the design, manufacture fully reflect the standards of interchangeability and consistency.

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2010-08-31 07:08

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